Copyright Protection for Industrial Designs - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1995 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Industry Essay Type Analytical essay Topics: Act Essay India Essay Did you like this example? Copyright protection for Industrial designs in India Introduction- In the present era of globalization, it is progressively obvious that the intensity of any undertaking relies on upon its capacity to advance its item and administration with a target to separate itself from its rivals or competitors in the business. It is normal for makers to catch item advertise or make a specialty for their item by separating, a generally comparable item on the premise of eye appeal. Regardless of the possibility that these items are not impeccable substitutes, the decision of shoppers and thusly market interest; may, to an extensive degree, rely on upon the appearance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Copyright Protection for Industrial Designs" essay for you Create order In this appreciation, Industrial Designs (ID) have turned into a critical component in a product value chain. This permits a high potential and motivating force for benefit for business through interest in ID particularly substantial makers. For such item sections, design is a fundamental part and hence is protected to avoid imitation with an intention of passing off. After the industrial revolution in the present time ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s become necessary to give a special and unique shape of any article or product by industrial process. Today, manufacturers are interested in design of the article they produce. For the same they invest their capital with expensive research and because this Legal protection becomes necessary for their creation of new design or their articles. The protection is available under Designs Act, 2000 and Designs Rule, 2001 as amended in 2008. History of design protection in India- The first design protection legislation enacted in India was the Patterns and Designs Protection Act, 1872 which is enacted by the Britishers during British India. According to this inventors of new patterns and design have exclusive privilege of making, selling and using the invention I India or give license to do so for short period. After some time The Invention and Designs Act, 1888 was enacted. United Kingdom enacted Patents and Designs Act in 1907 and it becomes the basis of Indian Patent Act, 1911. Later in 1970 the Patents Act repealed the provisions relating to patents in the Indian Patents and Designs Act, 1911 and the act continue under the new title Design Act, 1911 with some amendments. The Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS) culminated at the end of seven years of negotiations from 1986 to 1993, as part of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations of the GATT. TRIPS came into force on 1st January 1995 with the establishment of World Trade Organization. TRIPS agreement provides mi nimum standards and norms in different property rights which include Industrial design. Protection of Industrial Designs in India- The important law legislating Designs in India is the Designs Act 2000 and the Designs Rules 2001. Designs Act, 2000 is the new law identifying with Industrial Designs, which annuls and replaces the prior Designs Act, 1911. This Act oversees its target well in the fast changes in engineering and global advancements. India has likewise arrived at a developed status in the field of modern designs and by watching globalization of the economy; the present legislation is strolling in venture with the changed specialized and business situation as far and wide as possible. Under the TRIPS Agreement, least principles of security of Industrial designs have been accommodated. Indian Designs law already provides these minimal standards to align with the international pattern. Any entities or things having unique and distinct pattern, appearance and design can register under Design Act. The registered owner gets the exclusive right to apply this design to any article in which design is registered. Separated from giving security of configuration component of industrial protection, the law promote innovative activity in the field of industries. From an intellectual property law perspective an industrial design is concerned only to the ornamental or aesthetic aspects of a product. As per Indian law protecting industrial design, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“designà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  constitutes only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament or composition of lines or colours applied to any article whether in two dimensional or three dimensional or in both forms, by any industrial process or means, whether manual, mechanical or chemical, separate or combined, which in the finished article appeal to and are judged solely by the eye; but does not include any mode or principle of construction or anything which is in substance a mere mechanica l device, and does not include any trade mark as defined in clause (v) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 or property mark as defined in section 479 of the Indian Penal Code or any artistic work as defined in clause (c) of section 2 of the Copyright Act, 1957. Some important points mentioned in the Designs Act, 2000 are- Design deals with external appearance only. It has to be judged by naked eye only. It relates to features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornamental decoration or composition of lines or colours applied to any article. Application of shape, configuration etc. to an article should be by an industrial process or means. In the finished article, it should appeal to and be judged solely by the eye. It does not include any trademark or property mark or any artistic work as defined in the Copyright Act, 1957. According to this act, an article intimates any object of manufacture and any substance, manufactured or mostly common; and incorporates any piece of an article equipped for being made and sold independently. With the end goal of enlistment under the Act the configuration must be new or unique, unpublished at one time or in presence in whatever other nation and the article must have its presence autonomous of the designs connected to it. Thus, the configuration as connected to an article ought to be indispensable with the article itself. Trademark and property imprint, stamps, marks, tokens, cards, and so forth are prohibited from the enlistment under the act as these cant be considered as an article. Additionally, any mode or rule of development or operation, which is in substance a minor mechanical gadget and it is obliged that the configuration ought to be obvious on the completed article. The total term of a registered design is 15 years. Steps Involved in Registration- An application for the enrollment of outline might be made in the endorsed structure and should be recorded in the patent office alongside the prescribed fee. Four copies of uniqueness of the design shall file with the application. The application define the class in which the design is to be registered and the articles for which the design is to be applied. Separate application is require for different article. Where words, letters or numerals are not the substance of the configuration, they might be expelled from the representations or examples and where they are the pith of the outline, the Controller may require the insertion of a disclaimer of any right to their selective utilization. The Controller might allude the application for examination to the analyst to know whether such plan is equipped for being enrolled under the Act and guidelines made there under. Controller may accept the application for registration if he fined all thing define in application is lawful. If examiner fined any loophole in application they can sent application for amendment. In the event that the candidate or his operator does not evacuate the complaints or request hearing inside 3 months, his application is considered to have been withdrawn, given that the period to evacuation of protest might not surpass 6 months from the date of recording. After giving the candidate a chance of being heard or overall if the candidate has not went to the listening to or has told that he doesnt craving to be listened, the Controller may enroll or decline to enlist the configuration as he supposes fit. The Controller might concede a Certificate of Registration to the proprietor of the configuration when enrolled. an application which owing to any disregard or default of the candidate, has not been finished in order to empower enrollment to be effected inside 6 months from the date of use, should be regarded to be surrendered. On acknowledgement of the outline documented in admiration of the application, the Controller should immediate the enrollment and distribution of the particulars of the application and the representation of the article to which the configuration has been connected, in the Official Gazette. Protection under the Design Act, 2000 and the Copyright Act, 1957 Ordinarily designs have been viewed as both under the space of masterful work and modern generation. This has prompted uncertainty and cover with other IPR laws like copyright law, trademark law, utility model and unfair competition law. This overlap has been carefully evaded in both Paris and Berne convention which recognized that designs are topic for copyright and also industrial production. Consequently, there will be works that are both protectable under copyright law and additionally under designs law. Indian law has attempted to resolution this by the provision of Section 15(2), Copyright Act of 1957 which manages the rights to which a holder of a unique aesthetic work is entitled. In Microfibers Inc. vs Girdhar Co. Anr[1], the Delhi High Court has clarified the interplay between the Designs Act, 2000 and the Copyright Act, 1957 in the light of section 2(d) which excludes artistic works under the Copyri ght Act from the definition of design. The first canvases/aesthetic works which may be utilized to mechanically deliver the outlined article would keep on falling inside the significance of the creative work characterized under Section 2(c) of the Copyright Act, 1957 and would be qualified for the full time of copyright insurance as apparent from the meaning of the outline under Section 2(d) of the Designs Act. Nonetheless, the plan of creating the imaginative work is not important. It is the select right of the holder of a Copyright in a unique aesthetic work to recreate the work in any material structure. On the off chance that the outline is enlisted under the Designs Act, the Design would lose its copyright insurance under the Copyright Act. On the off chance that it is an outline registrable under the Designs Act yet has not all that been enrolled, the Design would keep on appreciating copyright insurance under the Act so long as the limit furthest reaches of its application on an article by a modern procedure for more than 50 times is arrived at. At the same time once that utmost is crossed, it would lose its copyright security under the Copyright Act. This elucidation would blend the Copyright and the Designs Act as per the administrative expectation. Protection and Injunction under Civil Procedure Code Section 53(2)(a) and 53(2)(b) provides remedies, the plaintiff may seek interlocutory injunction pendent lite under CPC, Order 39 Rules 1 and 2. The principles applicable to the grant of interlocutory injunction in the case of a design are the same as are applicable in the case of a patent.[2] The plaintiff must make out an at first sight case and demonstrate that the parity of comfort is to support him. An interlocutory injunction wont regularly be conceded where damages will give a satisfactory remedy, ought to the plaintiffs claim succeed. The Delhi High Court in the case of Niki Tasha P. Ltd. v. Faridabad Gas Gadgets P. Ltd.[3] held that the court will not grant an interlocutory injunction unless satisfied that there is a real probability of the plaintiff succeeding on conclusion of the trial of the suit. Interlocutory injunction will not be granted if there are substantial grounds for attacking the validity of the registration. Interlocutory injunction will likewise be denied if the respondent gives an endeavor to keep a record on the off chance that he is an individual of substance and the endeavor will give the alleviation which the plaintiff requires. In Bansal Plastic Industries v. Neeraj Toys Industries[4] the court expressed that giving a provisional injunction is in the carefulness of the court which is to be practiced as per reason and sound standards. Conclusion- 1 | Page [1] 128 (2006) DLT 238, 2006 (32) PTC 157 Del [2] P. Narayanan, Intellectual Property Law (Calcutta : Eastern Law House Private Ltd.) 1990, p. 123 [3] AIR 1985 Del 136. [4] 14 IPLR 75 (Del., 1989)

Artistic Expression Poems Speak to Emtions and Capture...

With time poems may have lost their voice, but not their importance. Up to this day, poetry is still one of the greatest forms of artistic expression; Poems speak to emotions and capture feelings. There is no right format of a poem, but yet a world of possibilities. Instead being unchangeable poems are innately open to interpretation; they should be spoken out loud in order to be â€Å"heard†, convey truth and cause impact. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot is an extremely meaningful poem; it is one of Elliot’s best-known works and without a doubt a masterpiece (Hillis). T.S. Eliot introduces the poem with a quote from Dantes Inferno (XXVII.61-66), and with that sparks our curiosity. He then makes statements and questions†¦show more content†¦Prufrock may be his own enemy, the one who holds himself, as he wonders if â€Å"it would it have been worthwhile.† The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock is a poem that appeals to the emotions. The poem tells a story, a confession, perhaps with no logical structure, but it is done in such manner that creates a distinctive poetic style (Sishe, pp. 13-20). The passage from Dantes Inferno at the beginning may at first seem out of place, but as we read the poem, we are able to see the connection between the two stories. The fragments of Eliot’s imagination are mixed with his concerns and transformed into the character of Prufrock. Throughout the narrative the character is shown to be uneasy and desperate to be heard. He tries to make meaning but fails many times. His many questions and affirmations about life are mixed with allusions and metaphors making us wonder about our own uncertainties. Can poetry matter? In today’s modern world it is extremely hard to keep up with everything that happens. As technological advances take over, we easily let go of old traditions. Poetry was once the ce nter of art, but it lost its place, it lost its â€Å"voice† (Liu Huang, pp. 21). Poetry should once again be a part of people’s lives. Simply including poetry on the school curriculums is not enough to enforce its importance. To give the attention it deserves, perhaps there should be a change in the mindset of people, but the big questions are how can that

CommunicationTechnology (ICT) for Sustainable Development

Question: You are an employee of a large organisation based in Sydney. By introducing teleworking in the organisation, your supervisor plans to contribute to sustainable development and has asked you to research about teleworking. You are to write a report to be presented at the next executive meeting. The report should include: 1. Teleworking and its challenges to the organisation and the teleworkers. You should consider the social, economic, ethical and legal factors. 2. A critical review whether teleworking would really reduce nett greenhouse gas emissions as widely believed. Your report should include recommendations that provide guidelines for the organisation with respect to introducing and managing the teleworkers to achieve sustainable development. Answer: Introduction The ICT people have the leverage to constitute and try to understand the miniature problems which can up in any team work. Talking about the organisational challenges, one has to determine the work to be done in the project along with the teams who manage the skills in a multi-talented way to embrace the pressure of the customers. It is important to be acknowledged about ICT which will help in tracking and communicating with the lives of the people and examining their future. The communication skills are mainly to acknowledge and examine all the features which are essential (Tony, 2014) to understand the representations on the public assignment who have a future in the same. The diversified approach and the focus is mainly on the attention how a person uses a technology to communicate with others at home. People have the liability to shape and utilise all the difficulty panel which are mostly under the academic discussions and have to be properly dealt after. Telework has the capabil ity to track and work from any place irrespective of the connection. There is a need to form a hybrid supply where the employees are able to track the information and communicate with the office employees depending upon the time. There has been a benefit for the participation of total gains which are able to participate and enable a domestic growth in the jobs. There is a lot of benefit which helps in obtaining and reducing the congestion on the roads and thereby significantly increasing the work low to continue the (Johnson, 2013) participation of large companies. Some of the objectives which have been increased are monitored under the implementation and evaluation of the plan which continuously help in meeting and collecting the supply to understand the force of labour and all the requirements. There is a need to include all the environmental phenomenon which will lead to impact and analysis of better supply of labour with information and communication technology systems. (Tintin et al., 2014). Summary For a sustainable development, in Sydney, there is a need for teleworking communication method which is able to balance the supply of the products depending upon the priority. There is a project called National Broadband Network which is able to review and introduce the significance in Sydney with the plan of skilful management and framework. To work with a better plan, approach for significant management in the community along with the progress in the agencies as (Caillier, 2013) per the strategic growth helps in developing a better result to focus towards the plan which trigger the foundation and workforce plan. With the eruption of telecom working, there is a need to identify and analyse the capabilities of the government which are able to track better interconnection and leverage for employment. The plan has been settled up to efficiently and attractively gain strategic knowledge which can inhibit the needs and the future demands. The capital needs have to be managed under the in formation which provides better planning and an opportunity to develop workforce for a better future. There is a need to attain a more simplified goal which is able to enter into the learning and satisfying department and help to supply better conditions to the environment. The resources have the capability to manage with all the consultation which could assure a better process of planning with the ICT workforce government. There are central essential elements which are included under this which are: There is a need to maintain and balance the direction of the business as per the needs and respect the context which can help in broadcasting workforce. The collection of data and analysing it to work according to the current workforce team can help to manage all the gaps which would otherwise been differentiated. (Tahavori, 2014). A base to provide sound effect implementation to plan all the resources and clary all the roles which will manage the responsibilities as per the monitoring effect. Teleworking and its challenges With the frameworks and rules and regulations, one has to manage the challenges in the company and try to come up with efficient results too. Hence, for this, there are certain points and requirements which needs to be achieved: There is an assurance that the practices and the performance of the work done needs to be flexible and according to the workplace environment. There is a transformation which supports and try to plan all the conducts in time for the office workers. To manage the services of cloud and other sharing tools which needs to have security in the system, they need a support where the employees will cover and are enables to manage the productivity factor along with (Ampomah et al, 20133) assurance that they will get enhancement in the capacity to reach for a virtualised concept and efficiency. There is a need to match up to the expectations of the employer who would provide a better tool and effective platform for setting up robustness in the systems, defining a performance as per the outcomes in the specific amount of time. The teleworkers have the capability to manage with the communication and main emphasis is on making calls to the other place which will help in maintaining strong relation. Teleworkers are employing a great rile in this to set up collaboration and the business activity. The evolution and calculation of the benefits which generally include the workplace environment have to manage all the virtual needs which equate to travel and calculate all the models under the activity which otherwise would take a lot of time and stressful efforts in travelling long distances. (Dehabadi et al., 2014). The work and the implementation of the employees who have to come and allow all time employment have to be assured that there is a strategy to work and achieve all the efficient management which will extend towards the rise in the locations, conducting a regular survey to all the remote areas. The facilitation to work among all the employees, there is an outcome which focus more on how and what work is done. The outcome has to be decided depending upon the level of the productive technological growth. (James Griffiths, 2014). The jobs which are efficient and lead to a flexible time and approach always have a role to enhance and give a change to the flexibility of the work. The approach which can have multiple and higher resolutions generally look forward for more issues as they have been isolated from the overall work which has a higher impact and more focussed too. To reap a better improvement product, there are benefits which generally use the art of conferencing and managing it with the combination of a broadband system which will lead to ripening the productivity. Sometimes, there is a collaborative work which is managed better different teams to virtualise and normalise the work efficiently and treat it completely integrate the benefits to larger profits. (Park, 2014). In order to overcome the problem of incorporation of heavy telework practices, there is a need for some critical options which can have a better privilege and provide helpful option to range from different practices and strategy. The managing and communication in the workplace is managed as per the performance, solution approach, standards which meet the deadlines along with setting up an introductory stage to better work health and laws. Telework is considered to be a better way to work to a level where one does not has to face issues regarding security or sharing information which can harness the details and encrypt with the virtualisation techniques. The data collection and an impact to determine a better standard of joining and motivating a supply of labour to facilitate the capacity and capability to examine and forecasting all the gaps. The data collection and increment in the planning force along with the supply of labour needs to be considered as per the reviews which could lead to impact and supplying employment. With the development of (van Lier et al., 2014) strategy and the elements to fill the gap, there is a need to efficiently manage the activities under right time, age and skill. The agency have to manage and function as per the anticipated growth which will reflect the review of the plan as per the size of the agency. Considering the social factors in the branch of teleworking, there are certain cases which contrast and bring work processing and other administrative work from home which completely involve the production and involvement of how to bring essential tool work to start up distribution, producing a better track agency. With no doubt, (Azarbouyeh Naini, 2014) there is a wide range of facilitation which leads to more work and options, thereby, helping the clients to meet up the expectations as per the new technology development. Review for teleworking With the phenomenon of telecommunication, there are many employees who perform their work sitting at home, irrespective of their designation and the time. There is a need to reduce the emissions which would otherwise commute to a larger possible area, leading to disruption in the emission. (van der Duin et al., 2013). The remains which will support to emit via transport, commutation at work and all other work which are done via off-shore. There are certain emissions which will provide a better power to increase the energy consumed. There are certain resources which are managed for better consumption of energy and this will accordingly help in determining he cost which will have an impact on the environment. There has been a conclusion that these telecommuters generally end up with some woes in their office and the employees are asked to keep a power which will separately have impact on the environment. There is a development and track of the data which is used to analyse the transpor t and the electricity emissions. As per the report in 2008, an analysis said that if the arrangements are made flexible for the employees, allowing them to work from home, (Nordback Myers, 2014) then it can surely help to reduce emissions. The immediate drive to the car along with managing all the calls will certainly increase the emissions and a lot of time would be consumed. Hence, to manage the billions of gas, it is said that the teleworking is a much safer and lighter method to travel and communicate with the services. According to the work and survey, it is found that around a potential of about 260m tonnes of carbon dioxide will surely decrease and thee will be better way to communicate through different people. The virtual meetings are safer and lead to less troubles and transparency than deriving a full time work (Andriesson Roe, 2013) which will not help in reflecting the workforce. There is a problem which claim that there will be cost of environmental set-up which will consume all the energy, tending towards analysis and equipment to manage and manufacture all the work on the internet, thereby, reducing emissions. As per the effects of rebound, some energy is saves and the technology generally try to increase the usage of efficient energy is to increase travelling approach which will have a certain effect on the software system too. There are limitations of this work and this generally has problem with the data which is related to it and incomplete understanding of how the work has to be pr ocessed. Till the time there is no proper guidance or manual help, there cant be a speculation which will have reallocation towards better efficient use of resources. (Egbuta et al., 2014). Supposedly, the profit attained from the commute may differ or appreciably change the price of fuel but it wont be able to affect the costs which will be stagnant with time. Some other limitation which is there about the less data present with the employees. There will be less of innovation and there wont be a better indulgence of the knowledge which can ultimately be a great set back to the teleworking situations. Hence, the people should try to telecommute when they feel they are able to work from home and try to study according to the administrative office work. With the survey to achieve a sustainable development, there proper examination of the employees which focus on lessening the impacts and trying to focus to coordinate and transact better internet based courses for the students in the U niversity which (He et al., 2014) will help in efficiently demonstrating the work. Certain alternative range will focus more on how to improve the efficiency and commuting to get more work, with an incentive to manage the instances and reduce the global greenhouse emissions. The improvement in the system will help in saving the resources to a large scale. It is required to be quantified and balanced to implement a better structural program which will help in managing and conducting better quality impacts in time. With the instances to manage the technology, there is a need that these telework generally act as a catalyst which will help in increasing (Pirdavani et al., 2013) the number of information commutation and transmission system to manage the acquisition and better technology approach. There is a need to make a better exercising power which will hold many researchers to certain relationship and empower approach to manage all the members with the degree of support and work for better implications. Conclusion To reach towards a better strategic development which has the scope to manage the employees and wasting less energy and giving a time to manage the office size too. The main goal is to manage all the employees along with trying to telecommute with the big technologies who would otherwise have a problem in shifting or reaching to a different habit where the prevalence and the change of commuting (Weinert et al., 2014) is less. There are areas which need to check the benefits as per the reductions and the usage of energy in the office. The GHG emissions are mainly for focusing on commuting process, thereby, trying to save energy which will help in saving the environment and the people will not have much use of the vehicles. Any flexible change in the activities of the environment will surely have an end to the employment of the workers, if they are not able to synchronise with the work. There are companies which keep the evening time to attend office with less traffic. There are telewo rkers which are able to maintain a relationship with the social community, configuring a better activity approach, leading towards a more disciplined way of managing work and personal life. To manage the time and work, the employees have to fit to the demands and the responsibilities of the office work which is needed to finished in the defined hours at home. The main work done by the teleworkers is through answering the phones and managing fax, if needed. This will generally help to consume message respond and manage all the technology which gives a general impression to the public. (Pirdavani et al., 2014). With a stipulation of different members who have an access to different communication technology, three is a need to balance all the household services who have a higher conflict to lead a call. Some of the telecommuters are responsible to handle the opportunities which will have an impact on the inheritance of the technological growth and the people will try to acquire old over new. There is an assurance of sustainable development in the environment if the information is being transferred via using the teleworking communication system which will help to reduce the transportation and the commutation cost through different campuses. With the build of new energy house, there are companies who are servicing and providing a high and efficient sample to build a better staff which will have saving from the same. (Sato, 2013). There is a basic rate of emission when no other employee, in comparison has to deal with the different and varying number as per the building construction. The major results are that it help to manage and reduce the cost of energy consumption, focusing more on efficient use of resources. With the potential to save, the working are even telecommuting in the university, which is a great success, leading to a better sustainable development approach. This will certain enhance the way of learning in time and the people will be more alert, giving time to their family and friends too. There is a feasibility that the administration has many affects and it leads to commuting with different organisations depending upon the savings and t he staff work which will help to program the issues according to the resolution settled. The impact of telecommuting is mainly to deduce and interpret an accessible attitude which can lead to implementing better ideal programs and a better dynamic workplace. Reference Pirdavani, A., Bellemans, T., Brijs, T., Kochan, B., Wets, G. (2014). Traffic Safety Implications of Travel Demand Management Policies: The Cases of Teleworking and Fuel Cost Increase. Weinert, C., Maier, C., Laumer, S., Weitzel, T. (2014, May). Does teleworking negatively influence IT professionals?: an empirical analysis of IT personnel's telework-enabled stress. InProceedings of the 52nd ACM conference on Computers and people research(pp. 139-147). ACM. Egbuta, I. C., Thomas, B., Al-Hasan, S. (2014). The Contribution of Teleworking towards a Green Computing Environment.Green Technology Applications for Enterprise and Academic Innovation, 218. James, P., Griffiths, D. (2014). A secure portable execution environment to support teleworking.Information Management Computer Security,22(3), 309-330. van Lier, T., de Witte, A., Macharis, C. (2014). How worthwhile is teleworking from a sustainable mobility perspective? The case of Brussels Capital region.EJTIR,14(3), 244-267. Nordbck, E. S., Myers, K. K. (2014, January). Teleworking: Effects on Worker Coordination and Productivity. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 11474). Academy of Management. He, B., Li, S. Y., Zheng, H., Ma, C. Z., Tang, X. (2014, August). Affective Identification Motivation Mechanism of Sino-Japanese Bi-Cultural Teleworking Teams. InAdvanced Materials Research(Vol. 981, pp. 976-981). Dehabadi, H. A., Shokri, S. T., Ganbarvand, H., Sohrabi, A. (2014). Asian Research Consortium.Human Resource Management,2(1), 157-165. Tahavori, Z. (2014). Teleworking in the National Library and Archives of Iran: Teleworkers attitudes.Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 0961000614532676. Tintin, R. A., Vela, M., Bravo, X., Anzules, V. (2014, April). Teleworking: An alternative to improve mobility in Ecuador. IneDemocracy eGovernment (ICEDEG), 2014 First International Conference on(pp. 85-89). IEEE. Azarbouyeh, A., Naini, S. (2014). A study on the effect of teleworking on quality of work life.Management Science Letters,4(6), 1063-1068. Park, K. (2014). The Causal Relationship between the Acceptance Attitudes and the Expected Effects of Smart Work.Journal of Information Technology Applications Management,21(1), 151-163. Tony, S. (2014).Teleworking and its effectiveness on Work-Life Balance. GRIN Verlag. Johnson, M. (2013).Teleworking. Routledge. Pirdavani, A., Brijs, T., Bellemans, T., Kochan, B., Wets, G. (2013). Assessing the Impacts of a Teleworking Policy on Crash Occurrence: The Case of Flanders, Belgium. Andriesson, J. E., Roe, R. A. (Eds.). (2013).Telematics and work. Psychology Press. van der Duin, R., van Baalen, P., van der Meulen MSc, N. (2013).Knowledge Sharing in Teleworking Environments. Erasmus Universiteit. Sato, A. (2013). Teleworking and changing workplaces.Labor Review,10(3), 56. Caillier, J. G. (2013). Does teleworking affect managing for results and constructive feedback? A research note.Canadian Public Administration,56(4), 638-654. Ampomah, M., De Silva, Y., Li, H., Pahlisa, P., Yang, Q., Zhang, Q. (2013). Information security strategy and teleworking (in) security.

Body Paragraph 1 & 2 Essays - Sports, Doping In Russia,

Body Paragraph 1 2 In recent years, the number of drug abuse among the players have increased dramatically, bringing the integrity of the Olympics into question. According to the Smithsonian article, "The Top Athletes Looking for an Edge and the Scientists Trying to Stop Them," doping is nothing new to the Olympics. Even the ancient Greeks ingested special drinks to enhance their performances and it was not until 1960 when Daniel cyclist Knut Jensen passed out during a race due to drug-overuse that the Drug testing was established in 1968. In 1999 and 2000, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) were established respectively to oversee drug testing with the Olympic organizers. The original purpose of setting up this system of drug testing was to prevent athletes from overdosing to the point of fatal injury or even death ( Aschwanden , 2012). The IOC president Thomas Bach would say that this system is by and large working, with increased numbers of more rigorous anti-doping tests, according to the Sydney Morning Herald. Bach even said the number of positive tests "is not really relevant" because he believes what really matters is that the athletes who abuse drug are being caught (Miller, 2014). However, from the perspective of the IOC president, it is hardly surprising that Bach would promote the drug testing system in a positive light. However, as Aschwanden points out in the Smithsonian article, the increased drug use is becoming a "high-stakes competition between Olympic athletes who use banned substances and drug testers out to catch them," which is most definitely not reflective of "social responsibility and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles." ( Aschwanden , 2012). The simple fact that the drug tests even need to be continually fortified to prohibit unfair advantages goes against the core values the IOC hopes to promote, regardless of how effective the tests are. Furthermore, the credibility o f the drug tests is not as strong as Bach states it is. As Aschwanden notes, officials are reluctant to tarnish their stars so the governing body that oversees the drug tests might not always be rigorous about prohibiting drug use. This means the number of athletes caught with the drug test might not necessarily be representative of the athletes who actually use prohibited substances. Therefore, the questionable credibility of the drug tests, in addition to the continual fortification of the tests themselves, shows that the core values of the Olympics have not been in recent games. Additionally, the IOC that is supposed to work to promote its core values has also been deeply associated with rampant bribery that are not reflective of the organization's mission. For example, the Salt Lake City Olympic scandal in 2002 revealed that there were up to 16 IOC members who have been involved in the bribery for decades. According to the article "Olympic Games: IOC report shows decades of bribery,'" a confidential IOC report showed that Salt Lake City spent more than 400,000 pounds in gifts and payments, in addition to millions to pounds to influence judges and alter the outcome of the Olympics (Daley, 1999). This type of bribery has been going on beyond just buying votes. The former vice president of IOC, Dick Pound, was once offered a million dollars in connection with a television deal in which he turned down. However, he declined to comment anything more on the incident and the consequences are largely unknown. Meanwhile, the Major of Nagano destroyed the city's Olympic bidding committee's expenses, and some IOC officials inspected Nagano Winter Games in 1998 were possibility entertained by geishas. Additionally, the Melbourne 1996 Olympic revealed that the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra held a special concert with a daughter of South Korean IOC member even though her skills were not up to that level. Evidently, these incidences of bribery within the IOC brings into question how the Olympics could promote its core values of respect and social responsibility when the IOC members themselves are not conducting their behaviors by those values (Daley, 1999). (664 words)

Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint

Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint To define psychology, Brentano has offered two approaches which he tried to use as the explanation to the nature of psychology. Thus, Brentano defines psychology as the science of the soul and as the science of the mental phenomena. Still, his practical vision of psychology and the reference to natural science helps him reject the idea of belonging psychology to soul. The traditional vision of psychology as the science of soul has been rejected by the psychologist who states that if one says that â€Å"psychology is the science of soul and means buy ‘soul’ the substantial bearer of mental states, then he is expressing his conviction that mental events are to be considered properties of a substance† (Brentano 10). But how can we know that such substances exist? The reference of the author to this idea makes it clear that psychology cannot be defined as a science of soul. But, being assured about the intentional inexistence of an object where a belief of desire is d irected at, Brentano concludes that psychology should be defined as mental phenomena (Brentano 18).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brentano offers to investigate the subject matter of the psychology as the â€Å"immense number of different series bound up together† (Brentano 94). Considering this idea from the point of view of mental activities, it seems that psychologist tries to prove that the subject matter of psychology cannot be considered as a collection of separate units, but only in the range of specific series of actions. Brentano is sure that being a defined as mental phenomena, psychology cannot act with the help of one event. Looking as such related processes as digestion, excretion, etc., these body processes cannot be based on one specific process, it is a series of processes. The same is about psychology. It is impossible to consider it as one separate action, looking at it as mental phenomena, series should be explored as a bound of indivisible acts. One of the main features which make psychology the central science for investigating within the society is the fact that it explores the laws which follow the succession of the human mental states, in other words, â€Å"the laws according to which one of these states produces another† (Brentano 12). Furthermore, the author of the book states that psychology is the basis for education, aesthetics, logics, ethics, politics, and even for the human progress in life (Brentano 21). It is considered to be the science of the future as it is the only source which may instruct scientist about immortality (Brentano 25). Thus, the interest in psychology is going to remain and the more people will get to know about this phenomenon, the more questions they will have for consideration. One of the problems in the development of psychology defined by Brentano is the absence of the â€Å"storage of the important tasks for psychologists† (Brentano 14). This may become an obstacle as without being directed at the specific goal, the development of the science may be concentrated around some insignificant problems. Having stated above that the immortality may become the source for investigation in the future, Brentano points to it as to obstacle as having rejected soul as a definition of psychology and having declared about its absence, immortality is out of the question (Brentano 15). At the same time, Brentano does not point to such obstacle in the psychology development as the absence of the similar and complex approach to this problem and a look at this science from different angles.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brentano, Franz. Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint. New York: Humanities Press, 1973. Print.

UK Legal Methods and Legal Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

UK Legal Methods and Legal Systems - Essay Example h sides is it due to the nature of human conduct is it due to the ambiguity of virtual and responsibility is it due to flexibility of interpretation Is every deed somehow intrinsically subject to morally polar interpretations or is it due to the content of ours laws is it due to the ways that deeds, interpretations and interactConsquently what the thought experiment proves is that at least our decisive part of reason why almost cases in our legal system do support well argued stories on both sides is that the content of our laws gives support to all these parties. The judge who has to choose between two well written briefs or two well argued precedents is forced to decide between two paradigms and to the extent operates one large step beyond normal legal reasoning toward revolutionary legal reasoning. But the judge is still working within a legal paradigm, still choosing premises from within the system, and in that sense is not fully revolutionary. Constitutional Aspect of Legal Method The U.K constitution is an unwritten one. Even though most of the constitutions exist in unwritten form, court judgements and treaties. The bedrock of British constitutional has traditionally been the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy or parliamentary sovereignity, accordingly to which statutes passed by parliament are the U.K s supreme and final source of law.(wikipedia.org) Statutory law is often considered the most important source of the British constitution. In practice some principles and elements of he constitutional, such as rule of law, are ancient and ingrained in the U.K s political culture that they would extremely difficult to abolish. Parliamentary sovereignty and of the rule of law have been widely considered the most important principles of the constitution since the nineteenth century and attempts to substantially circumvent them would likely be met with backlash by the electorate of the monarch. Because the United constitution adheres to he principle of parliamentary soverignity, no hierarchy in statutory Acts parliament. In Thoburn v.Sunderland City Council, Lord Justice Law from the High Court decided that he would try establishing a principle of law of law on this matter, which the United Kingdom courts ought to recognise Statues 1: The Basics Statutes are laws enacted in parliament and have a wide coverage nationwide. In the construction of statutes, words and phrases shall be construed according to the commonly approved usage or language and technical words and phrases, and such have acquired a peculiar and appropriate meaning in the law, shall be construed and understood accordingly. Statutes2:Search for Legislative Intention Search for legislative intention is

Compare two separate popular weight loss plans Research Paper

Compare two separate popular weight loss plans - Research Paper Example The weakness of the SlimFast program is that it does not induce a long-term behavioral change in the individual. The SlimFast program only replaces a couple of meals and snacks by powered drink mixes and pre-packaged bars. Another weakness of the SlimFast weight-loss program is that the individual does not find the powdered drink mixes tasty enough to stick to for a long time, though it provides the individual with a good alternative to a milk shake in terms of reduced intake of fats and calories. A potential drawback of the SlimFast weight-loss program is that it does not provide the individual with any social support. The Fit or Fat weight-loss program is very popular among people. Millions of copies of the series of eight books written by Covert Bailey have been sold since their publishing (Tate, 2008). The Fit or Fat weight-loss program encourages the individual to lose weight through increased exercise. The plus points of the Fit or Fat weight-loss program are that not only is it safe to undertake, but is also very inexpensive as it does not rely on special diets to cause a reduction of weight in the individual. The Fit or Fat weight-loss program resembles the SlimFast weight-loss program in that it offers no social support to the individual. People attempting to reduce the weight through the Fit or Fat weight-loss program are encouraged to undertake such exercises as weight lifting, aerobic exercises, and cross training. Their food is rich in vitamins and low in the sodium content and fat. The Fit or Fat weight-loss program is better as compared to the SlimFast weight-loss program in that it relies on natural techniques to cause weight loss in the individual rather than prescribing them expensive diets. Exercise is a necessary part of a healthy lifestyle, which provides an individual with a whole range of benefits in addition to causing loss of weight. Such benefits include but are not limited to reduction of the risk of